OpenGL-Tutorial 15 : Lightmaps

link : http://www.opengl-tutorial.org/kr/intermediate-tutorials/tutorial-15-lightmaps/

이것은 비디오 전용 자습서이다. 새로운 OpenGL 관련 기술 / 구문을 소개하지는 않지만,

이미 알고있는 기술을 사용해 고품질의 그림자를 만드는 방법을 보여준다.

이 튜토리얼은 블렌더에서 간단한 세계를 만드는 방법과 라이트 맵을 베이크해

어플리케이션에서 사용할 수 있게 해준다.

Blender에 대한 사전지식이 필요하지 않다. 나는 모든 키보드 단축키와 모든 것을 설명할 것이다.

A note on lightmaps

라이트 맵은 구워진다. 딱 한 번만. 이것은 완전히 정적이라는 것을 의미한다. 런타임 중에는 라이트를 이동할 수 없다. 혹은 제거해야한다.

이것은 햇빛이나 전구를 깰 수 없는 실내 장면에서 유용할 수 있다. 또한, 설치가 매우 쉽고 속도를 높일 수 없다.

Addendum

OpenGL에서 렌더링 할 때 약간의 결함이 있음을 알 수 있다.

이것은 밉 맵핑(mipmapping) 때문이다. 밉맵은 먼 거리에서 볼 때 텍셀을 서로 섞는다.

텍스처의 배경에 있는 검은 픽셀이 라이트 맵의 좋은 부분과 섞이게 된다. 이를 피하기 위해 할 수 있는 일이 몇 가지 있다.

1) 블랜더에게 UV 맵의 한계 주위에 여백을 생성하도록 요청할 수 있다. 이것은 "bake" 패널의 "margin" 매개 변수이다.

   좋은 결과를 얻으려면 최대 20 texel까지 올라야 할 수도 있다.

2) texture fetch에서 bias를 사용할 수 있다.

color = texture( myTextureSampler, UV, -2.0 ).rgb;

-2 는 bias이다. 이 값으로 실험해야 한다. 위의 스크린 샷은 bias +2로 찍었다.

이 것은 OpenGL이 찍었어야하는 위의 2개의 밉맵을 선택한다는 것을 의미한다.

: 사후 처리 단계에서 검정색 배경을 채울 수 있습니다.

음... 뭐랄까 나는 OpenGL로 라이트맵을 만드는 튜토리얼인줄 알았는데 툴을 써서 먼저 만든 것을 넣는? 작업이었다.

다른 튜토리얼도 할 예정이라 차근차근 배워가면서 찾아봐야겠다! (약간 실망)

1) TextVertexShader.frgmentshader

#version 330 core
 
in vec2 UV;
 
out vec4 color;
 
uniform sampler2D myTextureSampler;
 
void main(){
 
    color = texture( myTextureSampler, UV );
    
    
}

2) TextureFrgmentShaderLOD.frgmentshader

#version 330 core
 
//정점 쉐이더의 보간값
in vec2 UV;
 
out vec3 color;
 
//전체 메시에 대해 일정하게 유지되는 값
uniform sampler2D myTextureSampler;
 
void main(){
    //output color = 지정된 UV에서 텍스처의 색상
    color = texture(myTextureSampler, UV, -2.0).rgb;
}

3) source.cpp

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <GL/glew.h>
#include <glfw3.h>
#include <GL/glew.h>
GLFWwindow* window;
 
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtx/transform.hpp>
using namespace glm;
 
#define FOURCC_DXT1 0x31545844 // Equivalent to "DXT1" in ASCII
#define FOURCC_DXT3 0x33545844 // Equivalent to "DXT3" in ASCII
#define FOURCC_DXT5 0x35545844 // Equivalent to "DXT5" in ASCII
 
GLuint LoadShaders(const char *, const char *);
GLuint loadBMP_custom(const char *);
GLuint loadDDS(const char *);
bool loadOBJ(
    const char *,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> &,
    std::vector<glm::vec2> &,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> &);
 
void indexVBO(
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & ,
    std::vector<glm::vec2> & ,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & ,
 
    std::vector<unsigned short> & ,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & ,
    std::vector<glm::vec2> & ,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & 
);
void indexVBO_TBN(
    std::vector<glm::vec3> &,
    std::vector<glm::vec2> &,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> &,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> &,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> &,
 
    std::vector<unsigned short> &,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> &,
    std::vector<glm::vec2> &,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> &,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> &,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> &
);
 
 
//mouse-keyboard input
void computeMatricesFromInputs();
glm::mat4 getViewMatrix();
glm::mat4 getProjectionMatrix();
 
glm::mat4 ViewMatrix;
glm::mat4 ProjectionMatrix;
 
glm::mat4 getViewMatrix() {
    return ViewMatrix;
}
glm::mat4 getProjectionMatrix() {
    return ProjectionMatrix;
}
 
struct PackedVertex {
    glm::vec3 position;
    glm::vec2 uv;
    glm::vec3 normal;
    bool operator<(const PackedVertex that) const {
        return memcmp((void*)this, (void*)&that, sizeof(PackedVertex))>0;
    };
};
 
bool is_near(float v1, float v2) {
    return fabs(v1 - v2) < 0.01f;
}
 
bool getSimilarVertexIndex_fast(
    PackedVertex & packed,
    std::map<PackedVertex, unsigned short> & VertexToOutIndex,
    unsigned short & result
) {
    std::map<PackedVertex, unsigned short>::iterator it = VertexToOutIndex.find(packed);
    if (it == VertexToOutIndex.end()) {
        return false;
    }
    else {
        result = it->second;
        return true;
    }
}
 
bool getSimilarVertexIndex(
    glm::vec3 & in_vertex,
    glm::vec2 & in_uv,
    glm::vec3 & in_normal,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & out_vertices,
    std::vector<glm::vec2> & out_uvs,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & out_normals,
    unsigned short & result
) {
    // Lame linear search
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i<out_vertices.size(); i++) {
        if (
            is_near(in_vertex.x, out_vertices[i].x) &&
            is_near(in_vertex.y, out_vertices[i].y) &&
            is_near(in_vertex.z, out_vertices[i].z) &&
            is_near(in_uv.x, out_uvs[i].x) &&
            is_near(in_uv.y, out_uvs[i].y) &&
            is_near(in_normal.x, out_normals[i].x) &&
            is_near(in_normal.y, out_normals[i].y) &&
            is_near(in_normal.z, out_normals[i].z)
            ) {
            result = i;
            return true;
        }
    }
    // No other vertex could be used instead.
    // Looks like we'll have to add it to the VBO.
    return false;
}
 
 
void computeTangentBasis(
    //inputs
    std::vector<glm::vec3> &,
    std::vector<glm::vec2> &,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> &,
    //outputs
    std::vector<glm::vec3> &,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> &
);
 
//text2D
unsigned int Text2DTextureID;
unsigned int Text2DVertexBufferID;
unsigned int Text2DUVBufferID;
unsigned int Text2DShaderID;
unsigned int Text2DUniformID;
 
void initText2D(const char *);
void printText2D(const char *, int, int, int);
void cleanupText2D();
 
 
//포지션 초기화
glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3(0, 0, 5);
float horizontalAngle = 3.14f;
float verticalAngle = 0.0f;
float initialFoV = 45.0f;
 
float speed = 3.0f;
float mouseSpeed = 0.005f;
 
void APIENTRY DebugOutputCallback(GLenum source, GLenum type, GLuint id, GLenum severity, GLsizei length, const GLchar* message, const void* userParam) {
 
    printf("OpenGL Debug Output message : ");
 
    if (source == GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_API_ARB) printf("Source : API; ");
    else if (source == GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_WINDOW_SYSTEM_ARB)    printf("Source : WINDOW_SYSTEM; ");
    else if (source == GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_SHADER_COMPILER_ARB)    printf("Source : SHADER_COMPILER; ");
    else if (source == GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_THIRD_PARTY_ARB)        printf("Source : THIRD_PARTY; ");
    else if (source == GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_APPLICATION_ARB)        printf("Source : APPLICATION; ");
    else if (source == GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_OTHER_ARB)            printf("Source : OTHER; ");
 
    if (type == GL_DEBUG_TYPE_ERROR_ARB)                        printf("Type : ERROR; ");
    else if (type == GL_DEBUG_TYPE_DEPRECATED_BEHAVIOR_ARB)    printf("Type : DEPRECATED_BEHAVIOR; ");
    else if (type == GL_DEBUG_TYPE_UNDEFINED_BEHAVIOR_ARB)    printf("Type : UNDEFINED_BEHAVIOR; ");
    else if (type == GL_DEBUG_TYPE_PORTABILITY_ARB)            printf("Type : PORTABILITY; ");
    else if (type == GL_DEBUG_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_ARB)            printf("Type : PERFORMANCE; ");
    else if (type == GL_DEBUG_TYPE_OTHER_ARB)                printf("Type : OTHER; ");
 
    if (severity == GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_HIGH_ARB)                printf("Severity : HIGH; ");
    else if (severity == GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_MEDIUM_ARB)        printf("Severity : MEDIUM; ");
    else if (severity == GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_LOW_ARB)            printf("Severity : LOW; ");
 
    //break point를 여기에 설정해라, 당신의 디버거는 프로그램을 멈출 것이다
    //callstack은 바로 너에게 offending call을 보여줄 것이다
    printf("Mesage : %s\n", message);
}
 
int main() {
 
    // Initialise GLFW
    if (!glfwInit())
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to initialize GLFW\n");
        getchar();
        return -1;
    }
 
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_SAMPLES, 4);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE); // To make MacOS happy; should not be needed
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
 
    // Open a window and create its OpenGL context
    window = glfwCreateWindow(1024, 768, "QBOT_opengl", NULL, NULL);
    if (window == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open GLFW window. If you have an Intel GPU, they are not 3.3 compatible. Try the 2.1 version of the tutorials.\n");
        getchar();
        glfwTerminate();
        return -1;
    }
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
 
    int windowWidth = 1024;
    int windowHeight = 768;
    glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &windowWidth, &windowHeight);
 
    // Initialize GLEW
    glewExperimental = true;
    if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to initialize GLEW\n");
        getchar();
        glfwTerminate();
        return -1;
    }
 
    // Example 1:
    /*if (GLEW_AMD_seamless_cubemap_per_texture) {
        printf("The GL_AMD_seamless_cubemap_per_texture is present, (but we're not goint to use it)\n");
        //이제 glTexParameterf를 TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_SEAMLESS_ARB 매개 변수와 함께 호출하는 것이 합법적이다
        //분명히 이 코드는 AMD가 아닌 하드웨어에서는 실표할 것이기 때문에 테스트해야한다
    }
 
    // Example 2:
    if (GLEW_ARB_debug_output) {
        printf("The OpenGL implementation provides debug output. Let's use it!\n");
        glDebugMessageCallbackARB(&DebugOutputCallback, NULL);
        glEnable(GL_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SYNCHRONOUS_ARB);
    }
    else {
        printf("ARB_debug_output unavailable. You have to use glGetError() and/or gDebugger to catch mistakes.\n");
    }*/
 
    // Ensure we can capture the escape key being pressed below
    glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_STICKY_KEYS, GL_TRUE);
    glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
 
    // Set the mouse at the center of the screen
    glfwPollEvents();
    glfwSetCursorPos(window, 1024 / 2, 768 / 2);
 
    // Dark blue background
    glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.4f, 0.0f);
 
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    glDepthFunc(GL_LESS);
    glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
 
    GLuint VertexArrayID;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VertexArrayID);
    glBindVertexArray(VertexArrayID);
 
    //Shader를 불러온다.
    //GLuint programID = LoadShaders("NormalMapping.vertexshader", "NormalMapping.fragmentshader");
    //GLuint programID = LoadShaders("StandardShadingRTT.vertexshader", "StandardShadingRTT.fragmentshader");
    GLuint programID = LoadShaders("TransformVertexShader.vertexshader", "TextureFragmentShaderLOD.fragmentshader");
    
 
    //매트릭스ID 추가
    GLuint MatrixID = glGetUniformLocation(programID, "MVP");
    GLuint ViewMatrixID = glGetUniformLocation(programID, "V");
    GLuint ModelMatrixID = glGetUniformLocation(programID, "M");
    GLuint ModelView3x3MatrixID = glGetUniformLocation(programID, "MV3x3");
 
    //어떠한 두 가지의 함수를 사용해서 텍스처를 불러온다
    //GLuint Texture = loadBMP_custom("uvtemplate.bmp");
    //GLuint Texture = loadDDS("uvmap.DDS");
    //GLuint DiffuseTexture = loadDDS("diffuse.DDS");
    //GLuint NormalTexture = loadBMP_custom("normal.bmp");
    //GLuint SpecularTexture = loadDDS("specular.DDS");
    GLuint Texture = loadDDS("lightmap.DDS");
 
    GLuint TextureID = glGetUniformLocation(programID, "myTextureSampler");
    //GLuint DiffuseTextureID = glGetUniformLocation(programID, "DiffuseTextureSampler");
    //GLuint NormalTextureID = glGetUniformLocation(programID, "NormalTextureSampler");
    //GLuint SpecularTextureID = glGetUniformLocation(programID, "SpecularTextureSampler");
 
    //우리의 .obj file을 읽는다
    std::vector<glm::vec3> vertices;
    std::vector<glm::vec2> uvs;
    std::vector<glm::vec3> normals;
    bool res = loadOBJ("room.obj", vertices, uvs, normals);
    /*
    std::vector<glm::vec3> tangents;
    std::vector<glm::vec3> bitangents;
    computeTangentBasis(
        vertices, uvs, normals, // input
        tangents, bitangents    // output
    );
    *//*
    std::vector<unsigned short> indices;
    std::vector<glm::vec3> indexed_vertices;
    std::vector<glm::vec2> indexed_uvs;
    std::vector<glm::vec3> indexed_normals;
    indexVBO(vertices, uvs, normals, indices, indexed_vertices, indexed_uvs, indexed_normals);
    //std::vector<glm::vec3> indexed_tangents;
    //std::vector<glm::vec3> indexed_bitangents;
    /*indexVBO_TBN(
        vertices, uvs, normals, tangents, bitangents,
        indices, indexed_vertices, indexed_uvs, indexed_normals, indexed_tangents, indexed_bitangents
    );*/
    
    GLuint vertexbuffer;
    glGenBuffers(1, &vertexbuffer);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexbuffer);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertices.size() * sizeof(glm::vec3), &vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
 
    GLuint uvbuffer;
    glGenBuffers(1, &uvbuffer);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, uvbuffer);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, uvs.size() * sizeof(glm::vec2), &uvs[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    /*
    GLuint normalbuffer;
    glGenBuffers(1, &normalbuffer);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, normalbuffer);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, indexed_normals.size() * sizeof(glm::vec3), &indexed_normals[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    *//*
    GLuint tangentbuffer;
    glGenBuffers(1, &tangentbuffer);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, tangentbuffer);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, indexed_tangents.size() * sizeof(glm::vec3), &indexed_tangents[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
 
    GLuint bitangentbuffer;
    glGenBuffers(1, &bitangentbuffer);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bitangentbuffer);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, indexed_bitangents.size() * sizeof(glm::vec3), &indexed_bitangents[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    */
 
    // Generate a buffer for the indices as well
    /*GLuint elementbuffer;
    glGenBuffers(1, &elementbuffer);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, elementbuffer);
    glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned short), &indices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
 
    glUseProgram(programID);
    GLuint LightID = glGetUniformLocation(programID, "LightPosition_worldspace");
 
    // render to texture
 
    // framebuffer, 0,1 or 더 많은 텍스처로 재그룹된다. 그리고 0 or 1 깊이 버퍼
    GLuint FramebufferName = 0;
    glGenFramebuffers(1, &FramebufferName);
    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, FramebufferName);
 
    GLuint renderedTexture;
    glGenTextures(1, &renderedTexture);
    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, FramebufferName);
 
    //새롭게 만들어진 텍스처를 "bind" : 모든 미래 텍스처 기능들은 이 텍스처에 수정
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, renderedTexture);
 
    //비어있는 이미지를 OpenGL에 준다 (마지막 0은 비어있음을 의미)
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, windowWidth, windowHeight, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, 0);
 
    //Poor filtering
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
 
    //The depth buffer
    GLuint depthrenderbuffer;
    glGenRenderbuffers(1, &depthrenderbuffer);
    glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, depthrenderbuffer);
    glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, windowWidth, windowHeight);
    glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER, depthrenderbuffer);
 
    //// Alternative : Depth texture. Slower, but you can sample it later in your shader
    GLuint depthTexture;
    glGenTextures(1, &depthTexture);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, depthTexture);
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0,GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT24, 1024, 768, 0,GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, 0);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); 
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
 
    // "renderedTexture" 우리의 색을 입힌다
    glFramebufferTexture(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, renderedTexture, 0);
 
    //// Depth texture alternative : 
    //glFramebufferTexture(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, depthTexture, 0);
    
    // Set the list of draw buffers.
    GLenum DrawBuffers[1] = { GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 };
    glDrawBuffers(1, DrawBuffers); // "1" is the size of DrawBuffers
 
                                   // Always check that our framebuffer is ok
    if (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)
        return false;
 
 
    // The fullscreen quad's FBO
    static const GLfloat g_quad_vertex_buffer_data[] = {
        -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f,
        1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
        1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f,
        1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    };
 
    GLuint quad_vertexbuffer;
    glGenBuffers(1, &quad_vertexbuffer);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, quad_vertexbuffer);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(g_quad_vertex_buffer_data), g_quad_vertex_buffer_data, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
 
    // Create and compile our GLSL program from the shaders
    GLuint quad_programID = LoadShaders("Passthrough.vertexshader", "WobblyTexture.fragmentshader");
    GLuint texID = glGetUniformLocation(quad_programID, "renderedTexture");
    GLuint timeID = glGetUniformLocation(quad_programID, "time");
 
 
    //little text library를 초기화
    //initText2D("Holstein.DDS");
    */
    //speed computation
    double lastTime = glfwGetTime();
    int nbFrames = 0;
 
    //enable blending
    //glEnable(GL_BLEND);
    //glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);    
 
    do {
        //속도 측정
        double currentTime = glfwGetTime();
        nbFrames++;
        if (currentTime - lastTime >= 1.0) {
            printf("%f ms/frame\n", 1000.0 / double(nbFrames));
            nbFrames = 0;
            lastTime += 1.0;
        }
 
        // framebuffer에 render
    //    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, FramebufferName);
    //    glViewport(0, 0, windowWidth, windowHeight);
 
        // Clear the screen. It's not mentioned before Tutorial 02, but it can cause flickering, so it's there nonetheless.
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
 
        glUseProgram(programID);
 
        //키보드와 마우스 인풋으로부터의 MVP 매트릭스를 계산한다
        computeMatricesFromInputs();
        glm::mat4 ProjectionMatrix = getProjectionMatrix();
        glm::mat4 ViewMatrix = getViewMatrix();
        glm::mat4 ModelMatrix = glm::mat4(1.0);
        //glm::mat4 ModelViewMatrix = ViewMatrix * ModelMatrix;
        //glm::mat3 ModelView3x3Matrix = glm::mat3(ModelViewMatrix);
        glm::mat4 MVP = ProjectionMatrix*ViewMatrix*ModelMatrix;
 
        //transformation을 현재 쉐이더에 보냄
        glUniformMatrix4fv(MatrixID, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
        //glUniformMatrix4fv(ModelMatrixID, 1, GL_FALSE, &ModelMatrix[0][0]);
        //glUniformMatrix4fv(ViewMatrixID, 1, GL_FALSE, &ViewMatrix[0][0]);
        //glUniformMatrix4fv(ViewMatrixID, 1, GL_FALSE, &ViewMatrix[0][0]);
        //glUniformMatrix3fv(ModelView3x3MatrixID, 1, GL_FALSE, &ModelView3x3Matrix[0][0]);
 
        //glm::vec3 lightPos = glm::vec3(4, 4, 4);
        //glUniform3f(LightID, lightPos.x, lightPos.y, lightPos.z);
 
        // 텍스처 유닛 0에 있는 텍스처를 바인드
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, Texture);
        glUniform1i(TextureID, 0);
 
        //
 
        //텍스처 유닛0에 있는 텍스처를 바인딩한다.
    /*    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, DiffuseTexture);
        glUniform1i(DiffuseTextureID, 0);
 
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, NormalTexture);
        glUniform1i(NormalTextureID, 1);
        
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE2);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, SpecularTexture);
        glUniform1i(SpecularTextureID, 2);
        */
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexbuffer);
        glVertexAttribPointer(
            0,            //0번째 속성. 0이 될 특별한 이유는 없지만 쉐이더의 레이아웃과 반드시 맞춰야함
            3,            //크기(size)
            GL_FLOAT,    //타입(type)
            GL_FALSE,    //정규화(normalized)?
            0,            //다음 요소까지의 간격(stride)
            (void*)0    //배열 버퍼의 오프셋(offset)
        );
 
        //2nd 속성 버퍼 : UVs
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, uvbuffer);
        glVertexAttribPointer(
            1,
            2,
            GL_FLOAT,
            GL_FALSE,
            0,
            (void*)0
        );
        /*
        //3rd 속성 버퍼 : normals
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, normalbuffer);
        glVertexAttribPointer(
            2,            
            3,            
            GL_FLOAT,
            GL_FALSE,
            0,
            (void*)0
        );*/
        /*
        // 4th attribute buffer : tangents
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(3);
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, tangentbuffer);
        glVertexAttribPointer(
            3,                                // attribute
            3,                                // size
            GL_FLOAT,                         // type
            GL_FALSE,                         // normalized?
            0,                                // stride
            (void*)0                          // array buffer offset
        );
 
        // 5th attribute buffer : bitangents
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(4);
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bitangentbuffer);
        glVertexAttribPointer(
            4,                                // attribute
            3,                                // size
            GL_FLOAT,                         // type
            GL_FALSE,                         // normalized?
            0,                                // stride
            (void*)0                          // array buffer offset
        );
        */
        // Index 버퍼
        //glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, elementbuffer);
        /*
        // 삼각형 그리기
        glDrawElements(
            GL_TRIANGLES,        //mode
            indices.size(),        //count
            GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT,    //type
            (void*)0            //element array buffer offset
        );*/
 
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, vertices.size());
 
        glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
        glDisableVertexAttribArray(1);
        //glDisableVertexAttribArray(2);
        //glDisableVertexAttribArray(3);
        //glDisableVertexAttribArray(4);
 
        //char text[256];
        //sprintf(text, "%.2f sec", glfwGetTime());
        //printText2D(text, 10, 500, 60);
        
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        // DEBUG ONLY !!!
        // Don't use this in real code !!
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        /*
        glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
        glLoadMatrixf((const GLfloat*)&ProjectionMatrix[0]);
        glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
        glm::mat4 MV = ViewMatrix * ModelMatrix;
        glLoadMatrixf((const GLfloat*)&MV[0]);
        
        glUseProgram(0);
 
        // normals
        glColor3f(0, 0, 1);
        glBegin(GL_LINES);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i<indices.size(); i++) {
            glm::vec3 p = indexed_vertices[indices[i]];
            glVertex3fv(&p.x);
            glm::vec3 o = glm::normalize(indexed_normals[indices[i]]);
            p += o*0.1f;
            glVertex3fv(&p.x);
        }
        glEnd();
        // tangents
        glColor3f(1, 0, 0);
        glBegin(GL_LINES);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i<indices.size(); i++) {
            glm::vec3 p = indexed_vertices[indices[i]];
            glVertex3fv(&p.x);
            glm::vec3 o = glm::normalize(indexed_tangents[indices[i]]);
            p += o*0.1f;
            glVertex3fv(&p.x);
        }
        glEnd();
        // bitangents
        glColor3f(0, 1, 0);
        glBegin(GL_LINES);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i<indices.size(); i++) {
            glm::vec3 p = indexed_vertices[indices[i]];
            glVertex3fv(&p.x);
            glm::vec3 o = glm::normalize(indexed_bitangents[indices[i]]);
            p += o*0.1f;
            glVertex3fv(&p.x);
        }
        glEnd();
        // light pos
        glColor3f(1, 1, 1);
        glBegin(GL_LINES);
        glVertex3fv(&lightPos.x);
        lightPos += glm::vec3(1, 0, 0)*0.1f;
        glVertex3fv(&lightPos.x);
        lightPos -= glm::vec3(1, 0, 0)*0.1f;
        glVertex3fv(&lightPos.x);
        lightPos += glm::vec3(0, 1, 0)*0.1f;
        glVertex3fv(&lightPos.x);
        glEnd();
        */
 
 
        //스크린에 렌더
    /*    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
 
        //전체 framebuffer에 렌더, 왼쪽 아래부터 오른쪽 위 코너까지 완료
        glViewport(0, 0, windowWidth, windowHeight);
 
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
 
        glUseProgram(quad_programID);
        
        //텍스쳐 0에서 텍스처 바인드
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, renderedTexture);
        glUniform1i(texID, 0);
 
        glUniform1f(timeID, (float)(glfwGetTime()*10.0f));
 
        // 1rst attribute buffer : vertices
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, quad_vertexbuffer);
        glVertexAttribPointer(
            0,                  // attribute 0. No particular reason for 0, but must match the layout in the shader.
            3,                  // size
            GL_FLOAT,           // type
            GL_FALSE,           // normalized?
            0,                  // stride
            (void*)0            // array buffer offset
        );
 
        // Draw the triangles !
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6); // 2*3 indices starting at 0 -> 2 triangles
 
        glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
        */
        // Swap buffersz
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();
 
    } // Check if the ESC key was pressed or the window was closed
    while (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) != GLFW_PRESS &&
        glfwWindowShouldClose(window) == 0);
 
    // Cleanup VBO and shader
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &vertexbuffer);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &uvbuffer);
    //glDeleteBuffers(1, &normalbuffer);
    //glDeleteBuffers(1, &tangentbuffer);
    //glDeleteBuffers(1, &bitangentbuffer);
    //glDeleteBuffers(1, &elementbuffer);
    glDeleteProgram(programID);
    glDeleteTextures(1, &TextureID);
    
    //glDeleteTextures(1, &DiffuseTexture);
    //glDeleteTextures(1, &NormalTexture);
    //glDeleteTextures(1, &SpecularTexture);
    
    //glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &FramebufferName);
    //glDeleteTextures(1, &renderedTexture);
    //glDeleteRenderbuffers(1, &depthrenderbuffer);
    //glDeleteBuffers(1, &quad_vertexbuffer);
    //glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VertexArrayID);
 
    // Close OpenGL window and terminate GLFW
    glfwTerminate();
 
    return 0;
}
 
GLuint LoadShaders(const char * vertex_file_path, const char * fragment_file_path) {
 
    //쉐이더 생성
    GLuint VertexShaderID = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
    GLuint FragmentShaderID = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
 
    //버텍스 쉐이더 코드를 파일에서 읽기
    std::string VertexShaderCode;
    std::ifstream VertexShaderStream(vertex_file_path, std::ios::in);
    if (VertexShaderStream.is_open()) {
        std::stringstream sstr;
        sstr << VertexShaderStream.rdbuf();
        VertexShaderCode = sstr.str();
        VertexShaderStream.close();
    }
    else {
        printf("파일 %s를 읽을 수 없음. 정확한 디렉토리를 사용 중입니까?\n", vertex_file_path);
        getchar();
        return 0;
    }
 
    //프래그먼트 쉐이더 코드를 파일에서 읽기
    std::string FragmentShaderCode;
    std::ifstream FragmentShaderStream(fragment_file_path, std::ios::in);
    if (FragmentShaderStream.is_open()) {
        std::stringstream sstr;
        sstr << FragmentShaderStream.rdbuf();
        FragmentShaderCode = sstr.str();
        FragmentShaderStream.close();
    }
 
    GLint Result = GL_FALSE;
    int InfoLogLength;
 
    //버텍스 쉐이더를 컴파일
    printf("Compiling shader : %s\n", vertex_file_path);
    char const * VertexSourcePointer = VertexShaderCode.c_str();
    glShaderSource(VertexShaderID, 1, &VertexSourcePointer, NULL);
    glCompileShader(VertexShaderID);
 
    //버텍스 쉐이더를 검사
    glGetShaderiv(VertexShaderID, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &Result);
    glGetShaderiv(VertexShaderID, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &InfoLogLength);
    if (InfoLogLength > 0) {
        std::vector<char> VertexShaderErrorMessage(InfoLogLength + 1);
        glGetShaderInfoLog(VertexShaderID, InfoLogLength, NULL, &VertexShaderErrorMessage[0]);
        printf("%s\n", &VertexShaderErrorMessage[0]);
    }
 
    //프래그먼트 쉐이더를 컴파일
    printf("Compiling shader : %s", fragment_file_path);
    char const * FragmentSourcePointer = FragmentShaderCode.c_str();
    glShaderSource(FragmentShaderID, 1, &FragmentSourcePointer, NULL);
    glCompileShader(FragmentShaderID);
 
    //프래그먼트 쉐이더를 검사
    glGetShaderiv(FragmentShaderID, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &Result);
    glGetShaderiv(FragmentShaderID, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &InfoLogLength);
    if (InfoLogLength > 0) {
        std::vector<char> FragmentShaderErrorMessage(InfoLogLength + 1);
        glGetShaderInfoLog(FragmentShaderID, InfoLogLength, NULL, &FragmentShaderErrorMessage[0]);
        printf("%s\n", &FragmentShaderErrorMessage[0]);
    }
 
    //프로그램에 링크
    printf("Linking program\n");
    GLuint ProgramID = glCreateProgram();
    glAttachShader(ProgramID, VertexShaderID);
    glAttachShader(ProgramID, FragmentShaderID);
    glLinkProgram(ProgramID);
 
    //프로그램 검사
    glGetProgramiv(ProgramID, GL_LINK_STATUS, &Result);
    glGetProgramiv(ProgramID, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &InfoLogLength);
    if (InfoLogLength > 0) {
        std::vector<char> ProgramErrorMessage(InfoLogLength + 1);
        glGetProgramInfoLog(ProgramID, InfoLogLength, NULL, &ProgramErrorMessage[0]);
        printf("%s\n", &ProgramErrorMessage[0]);
    }
 
    glDetachShader(ProgramID, VertexShaderID);
    glDetachShader(ProgramID, FragmentShaderID);
 
    glDeleteShader(VertexShaderID);
    glDeleteShader(FragmentShaderID);
 
    return ProgramID;
}
 
GLuint loadBMP_custom(const char * imagepath) {
 
    printf("Reading image %s\n", imagepath);
 
    //BMP파일의 헤더에서 데이터를 읽는다
    unsigned char header[54];
    unsigned int dataPos;
    unsigned int imageSize;
    unsigned int width, height;
    //실제 RGB 데이터
    unsigned char * data;
 
    //파일을 연다
    FILE * file = fopen(imagepath, "rb");
    if (!file) {
        printf("%s는 열수 없다. 경로가 맞는지 확인해라.\n", imagepath);
        getchar();
        return 0;
    }
 
    //헤더를 읽는다, i.e. the 54 first bytes
 
    //만약 54 bytes보다 적게 읽혔으면 문제 발생
    if (fread(header, 1, 54, file) != 54) {
        printf("BMP 파일이 아니다\n");
        return 0;
    }
    //A BMP 파일은 항상 "BM"으로 시작한다.
    if (header[0] != 'B' || header[1] != 'M') {
        printf("BMP 파일이 아니다\n");
        return 0;
    }
    //24pp file임을 확인한다.
    if (*(int*)&(header[0x1e]) != 0 || *(int*)&(header[0x1C]) != 24) {
        printf("BMP 파일이 아니다\n");
        return 0;
    }
 
    //이미지에 대한 정보를 읽는다.
    dataPos = *(int*)&(header[0x0A]);
    imageSize = *(int*)&(header[0x22]);
    width = *(int*)&(header[0x12]);
    height = *(int*)&(header[0x16]);
 
    //몇몇 BMP 파일들은 포맷이 놓쳐졌다, 놓쳐진 정보를 추측해라
    if (imageSize == 0) imageSize = width*height * 3; // 3 : one byte for each Red-Green-Blue component
    if (dataPos == 0) dataPos = 54; //BMP 헤더는 항상 이 형식
 
    //버퍼를 생성한다
    data = new unsigned char[imageSize];
 
    //파일의 버퍼에 있는 실제 데이터를 읽는다
    fread(data, 1, imageSize, file);
 
    //모든 것은 현재 메모리에 있다, 파일을 닫는다
    fclose(file);
 
    //openGL 텍스처를 만든다
    GLuint textureID;
    glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
 
    //새로이 만들어진 텍스처를 바인딩한다.
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
 
    //이미지를 OpenGL에게 넘긴다
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_BGR, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
 
    delete[] data;
 
    // trilinear(삼선형) 필터링
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
    glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
 
    return textureID;
}
 
GLuint loadDDS(const char * imagepath) {
 
    unsigned char header[124];
 
    FILE *fp;
 
    //파일을 연다
    fp = fopen(imagepath, "rb");
    if (fp == NULL) {
        printf("%s는 열 수 없다. 경로를 확인해라\n", imagepath);
        getchar();
        return 0;
    }
 
    //파일의 타입을 확인한다
    char filecode[4];
    fread(filecode, 1, 4, fp);
    if (strncmp(filecode, "DDS ", 4) != 0) {
        fclose(fp);
        return 0;
    }
 
    //surface desc를 얻는다
    fread(&header, 124, 1, fp);
 
    unsigned int height = *(unsigned int*)&(header[8]);
    unsigned int width = *(unsigned int*)&(header[12]);
    unsigned int linearSize = *(unsigned int*)&(header[16]);
    unsigned int mipMapCount = *(unsigned int*)&(header[24]);
    unsigned int fourCC = *(unsigned int*)&(header[80]);
 
    unsigned char * buffer;
    unsigned int bufsize;
 
    bufsize = mipMapCount > 1 ? linearSize * 2 : linearSize;
    buffer = (unsigned char*)malloc(bufsize * sizeof(unsigned char));
    fread(buffer, 1, bufsize, fp);
    fclose(fp);
 
    unsigned int components = (fourCC == FOURCC_DXT1) ? 3 : 4;
    unsigned int format;
    switch (fourCC)
    {
    case FOURCC_DXT1:
        format = GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_EXT;
        break;
    case FOURCC_DXT3:
        format = GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT3_EXT;
        break;
    case FOURCC_DXT5:
        format = GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT5_EXT;
        break;
    default:
        free(buffer);
        return 0;
    }
 
    //하나의 OpenGL 텍스처를 생성한다
    GLuint textureID;
    glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
 
    //새로이 만들어진 텍스처를 바인딩한다
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
    glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
 
    unsigned int blockSize = (format == GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_EXT) ? 8 : 16;
    unsigned int offset = 0;
 
    //밉맵을 불러온다
    for (unsigned int level = 0; level < mipMapCount && (width || height); ++level)
    {
        unsigned int size = ((width + 3) / 4)*((height + 3) / 4)*blockSize;
        glCompressedTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, level, format, width, height,
            0, size, buffer + offset);
 
        offset += size;
        width /= 2;
        height /= 2;
 
        //Non-Power-Of-Two 텍스처를 사용합니다.
        //이 코드는 혼란을 줄이기 위해 웹 페이지에는 포함되어 있지 않습니다.
        if (width < 1)width = 1;
        if (height < 1) height = 1;
    }
 
    free(buffer);
 
    return textureID;
}
 
bool loadOBJ(
    const char * path,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & out_vertices,
    std::vector<glm::vec2> & out_uvs,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & out_normals
) {
    printf("OBJ 파일 로딩중 %s...\n", path);
 
    std::vector<unsigned int> vertexIndices, uvIndices, normalIndices;
    std::vector<glm::vec3> temp_vertices;
    std::vector <glm::vec2> temp_uvs;
    std::vector<glm::vec3> temp_normals;
 
    FILE * file = fopen(path, "r");
    if (file == NULL) {
        printf("파일 경로를 확인하세요!\n");
        getchar();
        return false;
    }
 
    while (1) {
        
        char lineHeader[128];
 
        //첫번째 라인의 첫번째 단어를 읽는다
        int res = fscanf(file, "%s", lineHeader);
        if (res == EOF)
            break;
 
        //else : 라인의 헤더를 parse
        if (strcmp(lineHeader, "v") == 0) {
            glm::vec3 vertex;
            fscanf(file, "%f %f %f\n", &vertex.x, &vertex.y, &vertex.z);
            temp_vertices.push_back(vertex);
        }
        else if (strcmp(lineHeader, "vt") == 0) {
            glm::vec2 uv;
            fscanf(file, "%f %f\n", &uv.x, &uv.y);
            uv.y = -uv.y; //우리가 DDS texture만을 이용할 것이므로 V의 좌표를 반대로 바꾸어준다. 만약 TGA or BMP 로더를 사용하면 이 것을 제거해라.
            temp_uvs.push_back(uv);
        }
        else if (strcmp(lineHeader, "vn") == 0) {
            glm::vec3 normal;
            fscanf(file, "%f %f %f\n", &normal.x, &normal.y, &normal.z);
            temp_normals.push_back(normal);
        }
        else if (strcmp(lineHeader, "f") == 0) {
            std::string vertex1, vertex2, vertex3;
            unsigned int vertexIndex[3], uvIndex[3], normalIndex[3];
            int matches = fscanf(file,"%d/%d/%d %d/%d/%d %d/%d/%d\n", &vertexIndex[0], &uvIndex[0], &normalIndex[0], &vertexIndex[1], &uvIndex[1], &normalIndex[1], &vertexIndex[2], &uvIndex[2], &normalIndex[2]);
            if (matches != 9) {
                printf("파일을 읽을수없다.");
                return false;
            }
            vertexIndices.push_back(vertexIndex[0]);
            vertexIndices.push_back(vertexIndex[1]);
            vertexIndices.push_back(vertexIndex[2]);
            uvIndices.push_back(uvIndex[0]);
            uvIndices.push_back(uvIndex[1]);
            uvIndices.push_back(uvIndex[2]);
            normalIndices.push_back(normalIndex[0]);
            normalIndices.push_back(normalIndex[1]);
            normalIndices.push_back(normalIndex[2]);
        }
        else {
            //나머지 라인을 먹는다.
            char stupidBuffer[1000];
            fgets(stupidBuffer, 1000, file);
        }
    }
 
    //각 삼각형의 각 꼭지점
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < vertexIndices.size(); i++) {
        
        //속성의 인덱스를 가져온다
        unsigned int vertexIndex = vertexIndices[i];
        unsigned int uvIndex = uvIndices[i];
        unsigned int normalIndex = normalIndices[i];
 
        //인덱스에서 속성을 가져온다
        glm::vec3 vertex = temp_vertices[vertexIndex - 1];
        glm::vec2 uv = temp_uvs[uvIndex - 1];
        glm::vec3 normal = temp_normals[normalIndex - 1];
 
        //버퍼에 속성을 넣는다
        out_vertices.push_back(vertex);
        out_uvs.push_back(uv);
        out_normals.push_back(normal);
 
    }
 
    return true;
 
}
 
void indexVBO(
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & in_vertices,
    std::vector<glm::vec2> & in_uvs,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & in_normals,
 
    std::vector<unsigned short> & out_indices,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & out_vertices,
    std::vector<glm::vec2> & out_uvs,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & out_normals
) {
    std::map<PackedVertex, unsigned short> VertexToOutIndex;
 
    //각 input vertex를 위해
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < in_vertices.size(); i++) {
        PackedVertex packed = { in_vertices[i], in_uvs[i], in_normals[i] };
 
        //out_XXXX에서 비슷한 vertex를 찾는다
        unsigned short index;
        bool found = getSimilarVertexIndex_fast(packed, VertexToOutIndex, index);
 
        if (found) { //비슷한 vertex가 VBO에 이미 있다면 대신 사용한다
            out_indices.push_back(index);
        }
        else {         //아니라면 이것은 아웃풋 데이터 추가가 필요하다
            out_vertices.push_back(in_vertices[i]);
            out_uvs.push_back(in_uvs[i]);
            out_normals.push_back(in_normals[i]);
            unsigned short newindex = (unsigned short)out_vertices.size() - 1;
            out_indices.push_back(newindex);
            VertexToOutIndex[packed] = newindex;
        }
 
    }
 
 
}
 
void indexVBO_TBN(
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & in_vertices,
    std::vector<glm::vec2> & in_uvs,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & in_normals,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & in_tangents,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & in_bitangents,
 
    std::vector<unsigned short> & out_indices,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & out_vertices,
    std::vector<glm::vec2> & out_uvs,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & out_normals,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & out_tangents,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & out_bitangents
) {
    //각 input vertex를 위해
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < in_vertices.size(); i++) {
 
        //out_XXXX 에서 비슷한 vertex를 찾는다
        unsigned short index;
        bool found = getSimilarVertexIndex(in_vertices[i], in_uvs[i], in_normals[i], out_vertices, out_uvs, out_normals, index);
 
        if (found) { //비슷한 vertex가 이미 VBO에 있으면, 이것을 대신 사용
            out_indices.push_back(index);
 
            //tangents와 bitangents의 평균을 한다
            out_tangents[index] += in_tangents[i];
            out_bitangents[index] += in_bitangents[i];
        }
        else { // 만약 아니라면, output data에서 추가한다
            out_vertices.push_back(in_vertices[i]);
            out_uvs.push_back(in_uvs[i]);
            out_normals.push_back(in_normals[i]);
            out_tangents.push_back(in_tangents[i]);
            out_bitangents.push_back(in_bitangents[i]);
            out_indices.push_back((unsigned short)out_vertices.size() - 1);
        }
    }
 
 
}
 
void computeMatricesFromInputs() {
 
    //glfwGetTime은 한번만 호출된다.
    static double lastTime = glfwGetTime();
 
    //현재와 마지막 프레임의 시간 차를 계산한다.
    double currentTime = glfwGetTime();
    float deltaTime = float(currentTime - lastTime);
 
    //마우스의 위치를 얻는다.
    double xpos, ypos;
    glfwGetCursorPos(window, &xpos, &ypos);
 
    //다음 프레임의 마우스 위치를 리셋한다.
    glfwSetCursorPos(window, 1024 / 2, 768 / 2);
 
    horizontalAngle += mouseSpeed * float(1024 / 2 - xpos);
    verticalAngle += mouseSpeed * float(768 / 2 - ypos);
 
    //Direction : Spherical 좌표 to Cartesian 좌표 변환
    glm::vec3 direction(
        cos(verticalAngle)*sin(horizontalAngle),
        sin(verticalAngle),
        cos(verticalAngle)*cos(horizontalAngle)
    );
 
    //Right vector
    glm::vec3 right = glm::vec3(
        sin(horizontalAngle - 3.14f / 2.0f),
        0,
        cos(horizontalAngle - 3.14f / 2.0f)
    );
 
    //Up vector
    glm::vec3 up = glm::cross(right, direction);
 
    //앞으로 이동
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_UP) == GLFW_PRESS) {
        position += direction*deltaTime*speed;
    }
    //뒤로 이동
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_DOWN) == GLFW_PRESS) {
        position -= direction*deltaTime*speed;
    }
    //오른쪽로 Strafe
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_RIGHT) == GLFW_PRESS) {
        position += right*deltaTime*speed;
    }
    //왼쪽으로 Strafe
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_LEFT) == GLFW_PRESS) {
        position -= right*deltaTime*speed;
    }
 
    float FoV = initialFoV;
 
    ProjectionMatrix = glm::perspective(FoV, 4.0f / 3.0f, 0.1f, 100.0f);
 
    ViewMatrix = glm::lookAt(
        position,                //camera here
        position + direction,        //and looks here
        up                        // Head is up
    );
 
    //다음 프레임을 위해
    lastTime = currentTime;
}
 
void computeTangentBasis(
    //inputs
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & vertices,
    std::vector<glm::vec2> & uvs,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & normals,
    //outputs
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & tangents,
    std::vector<glm::vec3> & bitangents
) {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < vertices.size(); i += 3) {
        
        //shortcuts for vertices
        glm::vec3 & v0 = vertices[i + 0];
        glm::vec3 & v1 = vertices[i + 1];
        glm::vec3 & v2 = vertices[i + 2];
 
        //shortcuts for UVs
        glm::vec2 & uv0 = uvs[i + 0];
        glm::vec2 & uv1 = uvs[i + 1];
        glm::vec2 & uv2 = uvs[i + 2];
 
        //edges of the triangle : position delta
        glm::vec3 deltaPos1 = v1 - v0;
        glm::vec3 deltaPos2 = v2 - v0;
 
        //UV delta
        glm::vec2 deltaUV1 = uv1 - uv0;
        glm::vec2 deltaUV2 = uv2 - uv0;
 
        float r = 1.0f / (deltaUV1.x * deltaUV2.y - deltaUV1.y * deltaUV2.x);
        glm::vec3 tangent = (deltaPos1 * deltaUV2.y - deltaPos2 * deltaUV1.y)*r;
        glm::vec3 bitangent = (deltaPos2 * deltaUV1.x - deltaPos1*deltaUV2.x)*r;
 
        //삼각형의 모든 세개의 정점을 위해 같은 tangent를 세팅한다.
        //그것들은 곧 병합될겉이다
        tangents.push_back(tangent);
        tangents.push_back(tangent);
        tangents.push_back(tangent);
 
        //binormals를 위한 같은 것
        bitangents.push_back(bitangent);
        bitangents.push_back(bitangent);
        bitangents.push_back(bitangent);
        
    }
 
    // "Going Further" 봐라
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < vertices.size(); i += 1) {
        glm::vec3 & n = normals[i];
        glm::vec3 & t = tangents[i];
        glm::vec3 & b = bitangents[i];
 
        //Gram-Schmidt orthogonalize
        t = glm::normalize(t - n*glm::dot(n, t));
 
        //handedness 계산
        if (glm::dot(glm::cross(n, t), b) < 0.0f) {
            t = t*-1.0f;
        }
    }
}
 
void initText2D(const char * texturePath) {
 
    //텍스쳐 초기화
    Text2DTextureID = loadDDS(texturePath);
 
    //VBO 초기화
    glGenBuffers(1, &Text2DVertexBufferID);
    glGenBuffers(1, &Text2DUVBufferID);
 
    //Shader 초기화
    Text2DShaderID = LoadShaders("TextVertexShader.vertexshader", "TextVertexShader.fragmentshader");
 
    //uniforms' IDs 초기화
    Text2DUniformID = glGetUniformLocation(Text2DShaderID, "myTextureSampler");
 
}
void printText2D(const char * text, int x, int y, int size) {
 
    unsigned int length = strlen(text);
 
    //buffer 채우기
    std::vector<glm::vec2> vertices;
    std::vector<glm::vec2> UVs;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        glm::vec2 vertex_up_left = glm::vec2(x + i*size, y + size);
        glm::vec2 vertex_up_right = glm::vec2(x + i*size+size, y + size);
        glm::vec2 vertex_down_right = glm::vec2(x + i*size+size, y);
        glm::vec2 vertex_down_left = glm::vec2(x + i*size, y);
 
        vertices.push_back(vertex_up_left);
        vertices.push_back(vertex_down_left);
        vertices.push_back(vertex_up_right);
 
        vertices.push_back(vertex_down_right);
        vertices.push_back(vertex_up_right);
        vertices.push_back(vertex_down_left);
 
        char character = text[i];
        float uv_x = (character % 16) / 16.0f;
        float uv_y = (character / 16) / 16.0f;
 
        glm::vec2 uv_up_left = glm::vec2(uv_x, uv_y);
        glm::vec2 uv_up_right = glm::vec2(uv_x + 1.0f / 16.0f, uv_y);
        glm::vec2 uv_down_right = glm::vec2(uv_x+1.0f/16.0f, (uv_y+1.0f/16.0f));
        glm::vec2 uv_down_left = glm::vec2(uv_x, (uv_y+1.0f/16.0f));
        UVs.push_back(uv_up_left);
        UVs.push_back(uv_down_left);
        UVs.push_back(uv_up_right);
 
        UVs.push_back(uv_down_right);
        UVs.push_back(uv_up_right);
        UVs.push_back(uv_down_left);
 
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, Text2DVertexBufferID);
        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertices.size() * sizeof(glm::vec2), &vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, Text2DUVBufferID);
        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, UVs.size() * sizeof(glm::vec2), &UVs[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
 
        // Bind shader
        glUseProgram(Text2DShaderID);
 
        // Bind texture
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, Text2DTextureID);
        // Set our "myTextureSampler" sampler to user Texture Unit 0
        glUniform1i(Text2DUniformID, 0);
 
        // 1rst attribute buffer : vertices
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, Text2DVertexBufferID);
        glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, (void*)0);
 
        // 2nd attribute buffer : UVs
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, Text2DUVBufferID);
        glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, (void*)0);
 
        glEnable(GL_BLEND);
        glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
 
        // Draw call
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, vertices.size());
 
        glDisable(GL_BLEND);
 
        glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
        glDisableVertexAttribArray(1);
    }
 
}
void cleanupText2D() {
 
    // Delete buffers
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &Text2DVertexBufferID);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &Text2DUVBufferID);
 
    // Delete texture
    glDeleteTextures(1, &Text2DTextureID);
 
    // Delete shader
    glDeleteProgram(Text2DShaderID);
}